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Reversing Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease

Healthy senior couple over fresh fruits and vegetables background.

Healthy senior couple over fresh fruits and vegetables background.

by: Larry Sosna N.D. PhD HHP

The Medical establishment would have all of us believe that coronary heart disease is irreversible and must lead to

either the eventual so called heart attack due to clogged arteries; or to by-pass operations, stents, followed by

balloon angioplasty. They tell us with Statin drugs the patient will then be ok. The statistics paint a very different

picture. Two out of every three people who have had cardiac by-pass surgery will need it again within 10 years.

Ten out of ten cardiovascular patients who have had stent procedures will need them again within 6.4 years.

Clearly, even with massive doses of statin drugs the treatment protocol for cardiovascular patients in use today by

the medical establishment is a failure in the sense that it’s not a cure and the above protocol is an ongoing radical

process for the body to endure.

One need  look no further than the case of former President Bill Clinton who had Quadruple by-pass heart surgery,

stent after stent, balloon angioplasty again and again, massive statins and still he had advanced coronary artery

disease(CAD) until he finally discovered a natural, yet very scientific integrative treatment protocol which has

reversed his CAD.

In the 1960’s and 1970’s Nathan Pritikin M.D. developed a unique diet rich in massive amounts of fruits and

vegetables and very low in total calories and fats. Dr. Pritikin developed this protocol after he was diagnosed with

severe atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. He was so convinced his protocol reversed CAD he left instructions

in his will that when he died he was to have a cardiologist examine the condition of his arteries. Meanwhile

thousands of his patients went off all medications and never had any more coronary artery problems. After Dr.

Pritikin died in 1987, his heart was dissected; the arteries were determined by cardiologists to be clean and in the

condition of a 25 year old.

In 1987, two years after Dr. Pritikin’s death, the Journal of the American Medical Association announced a study

that showed the reversal of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries of humans who were on the Pritikin protocol as

administered at the Pritikin Longevity centers had been a success.1 Numerous subsequent studies confirmed Dr.

Pritikin was scientifically correct and the medical establishment’s position fatally flawed.2,3

Tens of millions of Americans needlessly perished because the medical establishment refuses to understand the

true causes of Coronary Artery Disease.

The over-promotion of “Statin” drugs has resulted in today’s cardiologists focusing on getting their patients’ total

cholesterol and LDL down to dangerously low levels. Pharmaceutical company advertising has made it appear as if

the only cause of CAD is excess LDL and cholesterol; however over a thousand scientific peer reviewed research

studies show this conclusion to be completely false…

Beginning in 1979, medical researcher scientists made discoveries which clearly indicated that CAD was the result

of the oxidation of LDL that results in the formation of blocked arteries and arterial damage.4,5   Thousands of peer

reviewed studies now reveal how oxidized LDL creates CAD from start to finish.

There are doctors who argue that CAD is all about inflammation and they are correct but what they failed to

realize is that oxidized cholesterol mainly LDL injures endothelial cells and causes this massive inflammation of the

coronary arteries.6-12

Oxidized LDL causes endothelial cells to secrete ultra-sticky adhesion molecules that allow white blood cells to

penetrate the inner lining of the artery. This is where initial fatty streaks congeal and atherosclerotic plaques

develop in thickening layers.13

Oxidized LDL turns on white blood cell gene expression that enable them to convert into foam cells, which results

in continuous accumulation of oxidized LDL and thick plaque in the coronary arteries.14

Oxidized LDL initiates an inflammatory process by causing foam cells to make molecules that attract

proinflammatory cells and cytotoxins that further inflame the artery linings.15

Oxidized LDL enhances the process whereby immune cells, foam cells, smooth muscle cells, and the lining of

coronary arteries called endothelial cells, degrade collagen, which leads to the rupture of the fibrous plaque. The

extreme heat from the inflammation can cause even small amounts of cholesterol to blow up 40 times their normal

size and clot up an entire coronary artery, thus recently the Harvard study group called this phenomenon Popcorn

Cholesterol. This finally explains why 53% of all fatal heart attacks occur in people with rather low cholesterol,

something until recently which has greatly confused cardiac medical researchers.16

Forty years ago coronary artery disease was the #1 cause of death in America roughly 600,000 people died each

year from CAD. Today despite doctors handing out statin drugs like candy CAD is still the #1 cause of death each

year at roughly 630,000 deaths per year. We have the highest rate of cardiac disease in the entire world despite all

of the most so called state of the art drugs…in fact statin drugs have led some 200,000 people to develop

irreversible muscle wasting syndrome which is always fatal; and statins have also been linked to advanced liver

and kidney disease.

THE SOLUTION

In reality the solution to this problem of oxidized LDL is very simple if you understand plant based biochemistry.

Dr. Pritikin thought the reversal of plaque and CAD was due to the very low intake of fats in the diet he created. In

fact that had little to do with anything, it was the antioxidants from a huge assortment of fruits and vegetables

which prevented LDL from oxidizing in the coronary arteries and thus stopped inflammation and the whole above

described process of oxidized LDL leading to CAD.

The problem with the Pritikin program is it is so very restrictive in calories that most folks simply cannot make a

lifelong commitment to it. We also now know about antioxidants in the form of nutraceutical plant based

supplements 1000’s of times more powerful then eating the fruits and veggies on the Pritikin diet.

We should all breathe easier knowing that when it comes to INHIBITING LDL oxidation we can now stop it cold with

natural biochemicals such as UBIQUINOL CoQ10…. With the exception of Alpha Lipoic Acid and the active

biochemical in Pomegranate (Proanthocyandids, and Polyphenols) nothing is effective as CoQ10, we can actually

now improve the inhibition of oxidized LDL cholesterol by 130%… far greater protection then the Pritikin diet.17

Yet we can go even far greater in reversing CAD by taking Nutraceutical quality Omega 3 oils every day. Omega 3

fish oil, Krill oil and Green Lipid muscle oil are extraordinarily powerful inhibitors of inflammation. The above are

such powerful High Density Lipids the good HDL’s, they can virtually assure that hard LDL cannot clump together,

in fact Eskimos and the arctic circle indigenous peoples account for five million people. They eat huge amounts of

cholesterol from seal blubber and whale blubber yet we have never found even one upon autopsy who had CAD.

Think about that, although they eat a diet 80% pure cholesterol they are completely protected by the 18% of their

diet which is cold water fish oil in the form of wild salmon.18-22

Stacking Powerful Antioxidants… The Sosna Protocol to cure advanced CAD

I have created a unique program by stacking the most powerfully effective antioxidants to reverse CAD for even

the most advanced CAD patient. Besides the above mentioned powerful antioxidants the stacking of nutraceutical

antioxidants also includes:

SAMe, Folic acid, isoflavones, Epigallate-Catchen-3 Galate, Resveratrol, Tocotrienols, Vit. E, Lutein, Lycopenes,

Ascorbyl Palmitate, Gingerols, Silymarin, Bromelain, Calcium D-Glucarate, Punicalagins, Hesperidin, Canthaxathin

and several others if need be. All of these super antioxidants are found only in the bio-diversity of plant based

molecular biochemistry in nature and in scientifically fresh cold pressed ocean based omega 3 fatty acids.

President Clinton is receiving with stellar results a similar protocol to mine…He will not need any more balloon

angioplasty or any other invasive treatments again so long as he stays on this treatment protocol for life.

In addition we have discovered plant extracted sterols can lower LDL by 38% in a very unique manner. They trick

the production of harmful LDL from entering the blood stream and instead send them a signal to enter the large

intestines where they are excreted via normal bowel movements.

In conclusion we have had for a long time the most effective all natural treatment protocol for reversing

cardiovascular disease. All the natural biochemicals I have mentioned are derived from plants, fruits, and marine

life, extracted and highly concentrated by a leading biotechnology company which is ISO 9001 and ISO 17025

While one may be tempted with this information to do it yourself without expert guidance, I strongly urge you to

consider the following. Eighty percent of all stores bought cold water fish oil sold as omega 3 HDL is already rancid

when purchased! Rancid oils have enormous amounts of free radical oxidants which cause CAD.  Unless you are

positive you are obtaining your nutraceutical supplements from a true ISO certified biotechnology laboratory be

very careful. The quality and purity of store the supplements will be no more than 20% pure due to their poor

quality extraction methodology, the other 80% may include large amounts of biological fragments, fillers, and

environmental toxins to the point where one is actually consuming enormous amounts of free radical oxidants

which seriously damage the heart, and other organs! Why? Because market competition is so fierce in the

supplement industry over 90% of the drug store and health store brands buy their raw materials from China; where

raw materials for making supplements are extremely inexpensive. The problem is China is the most polluted

industrial toxic country and raw organic material from China to make supplements will have high levels of toxins.

Any supplements made in the USA but sourced from China may be highly toxic. They will never be made by ISO

9001 ISO 17025 biotechnology companies; you simply cannot find this highest quality in health food stores and if

they claim they carry such a high standard ask the manager for a certified copy of ISO 9001 ISO 17025 for the item

you desire to purchase. They cannot produce the above mentioned certifications because there are only several

biotechnology companies worldwide, that have both ISO certifications and they only sell to doctors, dentists,

naturopathic doctors and nutritionists with a PhD.

Peer Reviewed research and footnotes.

1. Roberts CK, Chen AK Bernard JR Effects of short term diet and exercise intervention in youth on atherosclerotic

disease risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2007 mar; 191 (1) : 98-106

2. Roberts CK, won D, pruthi S, et al. Effects of short term diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress,

inflammation, MM-9, and monocyte chemotactic activity in men with metabolic syndrome factors. J Appl

Physiol. 2006 may; 100(5): 1657-65.

3. Roberts CK, Vaziri ND, Bernard RJ. Effects of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin,

oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation. 2002 Nov 12;106(20):2530-2.

4. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJ. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer

analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 oct;19(5):587-90

5. Henriksen T Mahoney EM Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoproteins previously

incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptors for acetylated low density lipoproteins.

Proc Natl acad Sci USA. 1981 Oct;78(10):6499-503.

6. Hessler JR, morel DW, Lewis LJ, Chisolm GM. Lipoprotein oxidation and lipoprotein-induced cytotoxicity.

Arteriosclerosis. 1983 May;3(3):215-22.

7. Quinn MT, Parthasarathy S, Fong LG, Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential

role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during athero-genesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.

1987 may;84(9):2995-8.

8. Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26.

9. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis-an update. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 20;314(8):488-500.

10. Yla-herttuala S, Palinski W Rosenfeld ME, et al. Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified LDL in

atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. J Clin invest. 1989 Oct;84(4):1086-95.

11. Steinberg d, Carew TE, khoo JC, witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of LDL that increase its

atherogenicity. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 6,320(14):915-24.

12. Berliner JA, navab m, Fogelman AM, et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation. Inflammation, and

genetics. Circulation. 1995 May 1;91(9):2488-96.

13. Suits AG, Chait A Aviram M, Heinke JW. Phagocytosis of aggregated lipoprotein receptor-dependent foam cell

formation. Proc Natl acad sci USA. 1989 Apr;86(8):2713-7.

14. Zhang WZ, Vernardos K Finch S, kaye DM. detrimental effect of oxidized LDL on endothelial arginine

metabolism and transportation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(5):920-8

15. Faloon W. A lethal misconception of epidemic proportion. Life Extension. 2007 May; 13(5):7-14.

Danesh j, Lewington S, Thompson SG, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major

Read More

Glycomics, One of the 10 emerging technologies that will change the world.

MIT said the field of Glycomics, is “One of the 10 emerging technologies that will change the

world.” Notice, they did not say, one of the 10 medical technologies but one out of ALL

technologies that will change our world. It is as important as DNA and the Genome because the

8 major fundamentals of Glycobiology control both DNA and RNA. We even have the

Glyconome! Glycobiology controls our hormones and how they function…If you cannot get

enough of these 8 essentials life sustaining Glyconutrient’s, no matter how much HGH you take

it will have no effect or a neg. effect I am one of the few true experts in this exploding field. The

value to this more ramped up scientific language is so unique in this article that Google will

get in on these words I am using, KEY in on them and our standing in Google will go up

and up because no other competitor knows the scientific language of this anti-aging

breakthrough.. but Google’s algorithm’s and scrubbers places a very high value when you

write what others cannot or have not. When it is singular, as mine is and only on our

website blog Google loves that! That is why I want to write several articles on this topic so

germane to regeneration and living heathier for much longer. AND, there is big money in

this field selling sugars that heal. Please let me know what you think.

HELP DEFEAT ILLNESS AND GREATLY EXTEND YOU’RE LIFESPAN

Seminal Research by Larry Sosna N.D. PhD HHP

GLYCOBIOLOGY OF LIFE

See and hear what the true great university scientists are saying. “This is the future

today”, declares Dr. Gerald Hart of John Hopkins University…The number one rated

medical/scientific teaching hospital in the entire USA. “We won’t understand

Immunology, Neurology, Developmental Biology or Pathology until we get a handle on

Glycobiology.” ….. “If you ask, what is the Glycome for a single cell type it will be many

thousands of times more complex than the genetic Genome,” says Ajit Varki past

director of the Glycobiology Research and Training Center at Cal Tech. Professor

Raymond Dwek, head of the University of Oxford’s Glycobiology Institute, who

coined the term Glycobiology in 1988 says, “ As recent advances in genetics have

unfolded, the importance of sugars which heal has become ever more apparent.”…..

Varki said, “It’s like we just discovered the continent of North America. Now we have to

send out scouting parties to find out how big it is…..”

New Scientist Magazine, October 2002

I’m certain you have been told many times, sugar is one of the main enemies in life

causing all kinds of disease states and folks that can indeed be true. There are harmful

sugars and there are sugars so vitally important to vigorous good health that without

them we would all have suffered and died a long time ago. In fact, without these

miraculous special sugars we never would have made it out of infancy.

Glyco means sweet, there are bad sugars and ones we cannot live without, they are the

healthy Glyconutrients. If you are on one of those fad diets that does not allow the life

enhancing complex carbohydrates then you cannot make Glycoproteins which are

molecules that combine sugars with proteins as well as glycolipids, which are

combinations of healing complex sugars with fats. The term for these life giving

combinations are called glycoconjugates. These glycoconjugates have brought together

the world’s most brilliant medical scientists to comprehend a field so sophisticated the

combinations of glycoconjugates are infinite in how they arrange themselves to yield a

healthy body free from disease if you have them in high enough blood levels.

It will be useful to provide one with a high level of education concerning the immense

healing powers of a strong personal Glycobiology. Let’s shine some light on what

healthy levels of Glycoconjugates can do for the human body to improve both structure

and function.

Immune System Modulation:

Glyconutrients are necessary for healthy immune cells and a body wide capable

immune system function. They have been shown to:

Play a key role in many aspects of cell and tissue regeneration and repair, as well as

cell survival. They have strong positive effects on asthma and allergies in general.

Glyconutrients are one of the very few methods of preventing and or slowing down even

rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and improves the symptoms of periodontal disease, canker

sores and herpes simplex 1 of the lips.

They have a favorable outcome in suppressing skin reactions and contact dermatitis as

well as inhibiting bronchitis. Many studies show they can prevent arthritis, substantially

reducing pain and increasing joint mobility in osteoarthritis, the most common form of

arthritis.

CANCER RESEARCH:

Glyconutrients and glycoconjugates help to inhibit growth and or tumor cell metastasis

in certain types of cancer. They do this by instructing white blood cells called Natural

Killer Cells to mobilize and seek out and destroy cancer cells. Today there is an entire

field of Glycobiology devoted to cancer research and the NIH and CDC have received

hundreds of millions in government funds to further enhance the field of Glycobiology

and cancer control.

Stress

An adequate supply of dietary glyconutritional healing sugars is vitally important during

periods of body wide stress, since glycoconjugates synthesized from eight key sugars

play key roles in many aspects of tissue healing and repair as well as cell survival

during extremely stressful periods. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor is hormone

glycoprotein that regulates responses to emotional and other types of stress by

coordinating the endocrine, behavioral and immune responses to stress through

hormonal actions in the brain.

The Heart and Glycobiology

Glycolipid Conjugates are responsible for correct Low Density Lipid receptor site

instruction…These Low Density Lipids are the kind of cholesterol that can cause a

blocked artery and thus a heart attack…. But regulation of the dreaded LDL’s by

Glycolipid Conjugation makes the likelihood of artery blockage by LDL’s a very unlikely

event.

Most of us have heard that cold water fish oil is protective to the arteries of the heart.

When we all have high levels of Glycolipids the Omega 3 fatty acids become like a

super biological Teflon…coating the linings of the arteries so the bad types of LDL

cholesterol cannot aggregate and build up on the artery linings from both sides of the

coronary arteries thus in the scientific review of many research cardiologists who have

researched Glycolipid conjugation they have published findings that are very highly

suggestive that proper amounts of Glycolipids in the blood protects against a buildup of

bad LDL aggregation, such that the arteries seem to be fully protected from a heart

attack. The problem is a mass of Americans do not have adequate blood levels of

Glycolipid Conjugates especially, Galactose which is of great importance for normal

heart and brain health.

Glyconutritional high levels of galactose, mannose, galactosamine and sialic acid binds

vitamin B12 to make B12 bioavailable to the cells. In other without the above mentioned

healing sugar combinations you can inject all the B12 in the world and it will not work.

The same combination of Glucoconjugates helps people from drug and alcohol cravings

all of which are injurious to the heart and liver.

AND the exact same above described combination, seriously reduces HUNGER

Hormone Function

Gonadotropin hormones are glycoproteins derived from the pituitary gland which

controls the release of many other hormones throughout the body including human

growth hormone (hgh).

Glycosylation of gonadotrophin hormones affects their size, circulatory life span, ease

of movement through cells, storage and secretion, clearance, immunoreactivity and

hormone bioactivity within the entire human body.

Glycosylation of IGF receptors contributes to their tissue regeneration and tissue

differences, which affects their biological activity. If an individual does not have

adequate blood levels of Glycoconjugates (the healing 8 combined sugars) all hormone

activity no matter how much one takes will be seriously insufficient to do their job in the

human body and that can be a health crisis.

Glycoconjugation which does not occur in its proper sequence will lead to a disruption

of insulin formation and correct synthesis and can be causal in some types of diabetes.

The sugars I am about to share with you are so incredible they actually have a

language all of their own. I call them the great hidden code of human life itself. They are

every bit as important as DNA. Amazingly, when these life giving sugars are combined

they can even change mistakes in DNA expression. Mistakes… that can lead to cancer

and every other nightmare type of nightmare illness. However, I am going to show you

how to take a true and certain quantum leap in your ability to regenerate, fight off

virtually all illness, protecting you’re cells, tissues and all of the organs, collectively in all

of our bodies.

You may be thinking this is absurd, sugar is bad for us, correct? Not so simple, just the

sugar D-Ribose is so vital to life that without it we cannot make Messenger RNA and

without messenger RNA you may as well not even make DNA because both are

needed for correct structure and proper functioning of each and every cell, tissue and

organ our bodies. You might even remember from high school biology in the 9th grade

that RNA stands for Ribo Nucleic Acid…and it’s very back bone comes from our good

friend, the amazing D-Ribose SUGAR.

I am very excited to share this science with you. Unfortunately this is a science within

the medical field that is so complex it was not until the 1960’s to 1980’s that we got our

arms around this field of Molecular Glyco-Synthesis. And just like the field of DNA it took

the most brilliant hand full of scientists in molecular bio-science to advance this new

field and show how massively important it is. The field is so important to every phase of

our life cycle; I still study it weekly even though it has been a 20 years endeavor. That is

how important this field is and it is an honor to share this life enhancing information with

you, our family of friends here at AAI …. Though the field to this day is not being brought

to the public with much attention or consistency.

We have given you a small taste of the importance of the 5 carbon sugar D-Ribose now

let’s really delve into the Art and Science of the other life giving sugars.

There are eight Essential Sugars called Saccharides required for Glycoprotein

Synthesis…They are as follows Xylose, Fucose, Mannose, Galactose, Glucose, N-

Acetylglucosamine, N-Acetylgalactosamine, and N-Acetylineuraminic Acid.

What does this mean? It means no expression of protein’s abilities to build up the cells

into tissues and then into organs can occur. No Protein, no big muscles no matter how

hard you work. Actually, no protein , means death That means that without these eight

amazing sugars which create Glycoprotein Synthesis we would not have a body to even

take care of. That is why you must learn how to obtain these super regenerative eight

sugars…if you want to be in a perfected state of excellent health.

Guess what else? We cannot make any HORMONES or even utilize them efficiently

without these super eight sugars but wait there is more good news. Since the early

1990’s Gluco-Scientists found 200 other super sugars from plant based sources,

funding to scientifically evaluate all 200 found so far has several years ago reached the

many hundreds of millions of dollars so are discovering the roles of all 200 sugars.

Mother Nature’s vast array of biochemistry, including these 200 sugars has a specific

purpose. The overwhelming majority of them will be to create an even more complex

language to further healing, cell regeneration and repair. So please don’t be stuck on

eating (sucrose white ultra-refined table sugar) as sucrose in that form is BAD for

human consumption.

Speaking of Hormones, about 10 years ago I learned from Dr. David Wesser M.D.

DDS, a very close friend and teacher, taught if you combine a significant dose of D-

Ribose with Galactose, the human body will regenerate all hormones that have reached

the end of their life cycle, bringing them right back to the top of their life cycle. If you

want to feel like a Greek God, put this into you’re program.

Remember the eight super sugars are a code containing an extensive language. Each

sugar is like a 1000 page book in terms of its ability to communicate instructions

throughout the entire body. Each page in any of the eight books can code and give

hundreds of millions of directions throughout the body. So, we are talking about a code

of life capable of issuing Trillions of life enhancing instructions from the molecular level

to the cells, tissues and organs and even the brain itself gets its instructions to develop

into a brain, as well as sustain you’re brain.

For Illustrative purposes, these molecular communication codes are like precisely

shaped words that protrude from the cells surface and are recognized and understood

by neighboring cells, we call this Glycoform Cellular Communication. It is these eight

amazing Glycoforms that determine your blood type. Imagine that, a sugar

molecule called a Glycoform, N-Acetylgalactosamine will make your blood type A … and

type B blood types are determined by the sugar Galactose. How IMPORTANT are these

eight sugars? You cannot make blood without them, need I say more. Yes indeed there

is so much more but to go further I would need to speak in the language of advanced

biochemistry.

The important factor really is on a practical level which asks the question where do I get

these eight super regenerative sugars? Simply call us at AAI and you can learn how to

obtain the Super Eight!

Mechanisms of the Sialidase and Trans-sialidase Activities of Bacterial Sialyltransferases from

Glycosyltransferase Family 80 (GT80).

Mehr K, Withers SG.

Glycobiology. 2015 Nov 17. pii: cwv105. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID:

 

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Development of Heptylmannoside-Based Glycoconjugate Antiadhesive Compounds against

Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Bacteria Associated with Crohn’s Disease.

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Darfeuille-Michaud A, Barnich N.

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Glypican4 promotes cardiac specification and differentiation by attenuating canonical

Wnt and Bmp signaling.

Strate I, Tessadori F, Bakkers J.

Development. 2015 May 15;142(10):1767-76. doi: 10.1242/dev.113894.

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25968312

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Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper: a critical factor in macrophage endotoxin

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Hoppstädter J, Kessler SM, Bruscoli S, Huwer H, Riccardi C, Kiemer AK.

J Immunol. 2015 Jun 15;194(12):6057-67. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403207. Epub 2015 May 11.

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25964494

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Tamoxifen regulation of sphingolipid metabolism–Therapeutic implications.

Morad SA, Cabot MC.

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25964209

Cardiomyocyte mitochondrial respiration is reduced by receptor for advanced glycation end-

product signaling in a ceramide-dependent manner.

Nelson MB, Swensen AC, Winden DR, Bodine JS, Bikman BT, Reynolds PR.

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Internalization and accumulation in dendritic cells of a small pH-activatable glycomimetic

fluorescent probe as revealed by spectral detection.

Arsov Z, Švajger U, Mravljak J, Pajk S, Kotar A, Urbančič I, Štrancar J, Anderluh M.

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Highly Substituted Cyclopentane-CMP Conjugates as Potent Sialyltransferase Inhibitors.

Li W, Niu Y, Xiong DC, Cao X, Ye XS.

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Pinheiro LP, Linden R, Mariante RM.

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Glycoprotein from street rabies virus BD06 induces early and robust immune responses when

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Scientists Have “Reversed” Autism In Mice

A complex spectrum of disorders, it’s highly unlikely that there’s a single cause for autism. That said, a number of genes have been linked with the condition, so can a bit of genetic tweaking help lessen symptoms? Maybe in the future, a new study suggests, as scientists have now managed to reverse some autism-like behaviors by manipulating a single gene in both young and adult mice, even improving brain function in certain areas.

“This suggests that even in the adult brain we have profound plasticity to some degree,” lead researcher Guoping Feng from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) said in a statement. “There is more and more evidence showing that some of the defects are indeed reversible, giving hope that we can develop treatment for autistic patients in the future.”

Called Shank3, the gene contains the instructions for a protein found at the connections, or synapses, between nerve cells across which information flows. As a scaffold, it hooks up receptors for chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) with the inner workings of the cell, helping organize the synapse so that cells can respond to incoming signals. It also helps with the formation of little knobbly bits on neurons called dendrites, which receive synaptic messages.

A small percentage of individuals with autism have been found to be missing the Shank3 gene, and a number of mutations within this gene have also been discovered in those on the autistic spectrum. Exactly how these contribute to the condition remains unclear, although earlier work by Feng has contributed to our understanding. Most notably, deleting Shank3 in mice messed up the synapses in a certain brain region called the striatum, reducing the number of dendrites present, and also led to the development of autism-like behaviors such as deficits in social interaction and repetitive actions.

Read the full article herehttp://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/switching-1-gene-adult-mice-reverses-autism-behaviors

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